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Effects of Photosynthetic Capacity and Source-sink Relationship on Their Yields in Different Peanut Cultivars
TANGGuiying, XUPingli, WANGJianguo, JIANGChunyu, SHANLei, WANShubo
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (16) : 25-36.
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Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Effects of Photosynthetic Capacity and Source-sink Relationship on Their Yields in Different Peanut Cultivars
This study aims to clarify the relationship between source-sink coordination and yield in six peanut varieties, including ‘Shunhua 11’ (SH11), ‘Shunhua 14’ (SH14), and their parents ‘Luhua 14’ (LH14), ‘Huayu 19’ (HY19), ‘Kainong 176’ (KN176), and high-yield variety ‘Fenghua 1’ (FH1). Physiological, biochemical, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure several photosynthetic parameters, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS), as well as sugar, protein, and fat content in the leaves or pods of each variety. Phenotypic assessments were performed to obtain yield-related data such as pod weight, kernel weight, and quantity per plant. It was found that ‘SH14’ exhibited a net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of (24.40±1.06) μmol/(m2·s), higher than those in other varieties during the flowering and pod-setting period. At the maturation stage, ‘SH14’ maintained higher relative chlorophyll content (SPAD values of 32.80±2.00 and 40.60±0.62 for the third and fourth leaves from the top, respectively). Additionally, during the pod-filling stage, ‘SH14’ showed higher SPS and SS-I (degradation direction) activity and lower SS-II (synthesis direction) activity in the kernels. Compared to other varieties, ‘SH14’ and ‘KN176’ demonstrated outstanding performance in multiple sink size-related indicators. Their pod weight per plant, total number of pods, and total number of kernels were (51.82±3.69) and (52.86±16.33) g, 43.67±4.36 and 52.11±16.56, and 68.67±4.85 and 71.11±15.96, respectively. Although ‘SH14’ had lower plant biomass than that of ‘LH14’, ‘FH1’, and ‘KN176’, its harvest index (HI) and root-to-shoot ratio (R/S) were higher than those of other varieties (HI and R/S of ‘SH14’ were 0.61±0.04 and 0.096±0.026, respectively; the second-highest HI was ‘KN176’ at 0.60±0.05, and the second-highest R/S was ‘SH11’ at 0.080±0.022). These results indicate that ‘SH14’ exhibits better source-sink coordination than other varieties, including its maternal parent ‘HY19’ and paternal parent ‘KN176’. The well-developed sink organs of ‘SH14’ provide a crucial structural foundation for high yield, in the meanwhile, its harmonious sink-source relationship and unobstructed “flow” ensure the effective distribution and accumulation of assimilates in pods and kernels.
peanut (Arachis hypogaea) / photosynthetic capacity / source-sink relationship / surcrose synthase-related enzymes / distribution of photoassimilates / yield / harvest index (HI) / root-shoot ratio (R/S)
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【目的】明确高产春玉米（15 000 kg•hm-2）的源库特征及其数量关系，揭示玉米不同密度对源、库及其产量的调控规律。【方法】在新疆、宁夏具有相似气候特征的玉米高产区共设置4个试验点（新疆农四师71团、新疆农六师奇台农场、宁夏大学试验农场、宁夏同心县），按照统一的栽培管理措施，以广适、耐密、高产品种郑单958为试材，设12个密度处理（从1.5万—18万株/hm2）以创造不同源库类型和产量水平，研究高产（15 000 kg•hm-2及以上）玉米的物质生产特征、最大叶面积指数（LAI）、光合势、单株粒重、单穗粒数、收获指数和粒叶比等源库特征及其相互关系。【结果】高产玉米干物质积累量与籽粒产量呈二次函数关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上玉米干物质积累量为24 937—54 895 kg•hm-2，19 270 kg•hm-2（最高单产）玉米干物质积累量为37 417 kg•hm-2，其中吐丝前占44.31%，吐丝后占55.69%；高产玉米产量与最大LAI、光合势均呈二次函数关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上玉米最大LAI为3.9—11.4，光合势为113 401—502 703 m2•d，最高单产玉米最大LAI为6.68，光合势为348 142 m2•d；产量与单株穗重呈极显著负相关（r=0.7188**），15 000 kg•hm-2以上的玉米，单株穗重为95.5—289.6 g，穗粒数为366.6—545.9粒，千粒重为232.6—388.6 g，最高产量玉米单株穗重平均为169 g，穗粒数为469粒，千粒重为361.0 g；产量与穗粒数、千粒重均呈二次函数关系；高产玉米产量与收获指数呈二次函数关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上玉米收获指数为31.5%—61.9%，最高单产玉米收获指数为51.5%，产量与粒数/叶面积和粒数/叶干重相关不显著（r粒数/叶面积=0.1520，r粒数/叶干重=0.2577），而与粒重/叶干重极显著相关（r=0.5847**），两者呈二次曲线关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上高产玉米，粒重/叶重为1.1—7.13，粒重/叶面积为149.4—506.5 g•m-2，最高产量时的粒叶比为5.39和366.4 g•m-2。【结论】不同产量水平玉米物质积累量、光合势、吐丝前、吐丝后物质积累和吐丝前、吐丝后光合势比例均有差异，产量越高，对吐丝前干物质积累量要求越高，吐丝后光合势比例也越高；郑单958类型的品种在低密度下源不足是产量的主要限制因子，此时增密能够增产，而增产的主要机制是叶源的增加；高密度下源、库同时增加但增加比例不同导致的库相对不足是产量的主要限制因子，此时提高结实率和增加粒重等扩库措施是增产的主要机制。
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大田栽培条件下, 以中国北方主栽的13个花生品种为试验材料, 对单株叶面积、开花数、成果率等18个源库性状进行测定和计算, 利用主成分分析、聚类分析等统计方法, 筛选花生源库性状评价指标, 对比不同品种的源库性状差异和产量差异, 并进行源库类型划分。结果表明, 结荚期和饱果期的叶面积、开花数量、成果率和荚果充实度可以作为评价花生源库关系的主要指标。根据源库特征及产量表现可以把花生品种分为源库协调型、源大库小型、源足库少型和源足库多型4类。源库协调型品种叶片净同化率高, 花期持续时间和开花数量适中, 有效果比例和荚果充实度高, 易获得高产。源大库小型品种叶面积过大, 叶片净同化率和单位叶面积荚果产量低, 荚果充实度低, 限制产量提高。源足库多型品种产量限制因素为花期长, 花数多, 成果率低, 无效果针和荚果消耗营养, 有效荚果饱满度不足。源足库少型品种产量限制因素为开花持续时间短, 花量少。因此, 在花生生产中, 应该针对不同源库类型品种, 采取相应措施控制叶源大小和开花量, 防止叶源冗余、花多不实和果多不饱, 提高有效果比例和荚果饱满度, 增加荚果产量。
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Recent developments have altered our view of molecular mechanisms that determine sink strength, defined here as the capacity of non-photosynthetic structures to compete for import of photoassimilates. We review new findings from diverse systems, including stems, seeds, flowers, and fruits. An important advance has been the identification of new transporters and facilitators with major roles in the accumulation and equilibration of sugars at a cellular level. Exactly where each exerts its effect varies among systems. Sugarcane and sweet sorghum stems, for example, both accumulate high levels of sucrose, but may do so via different paths. The distinction is central to strategies for targeted manipulation of sink strength using transporter genes, and shows the importance of system-specific analyses. Another major advance has been the identification of deep hypoxia as a feature of normal grain development. This means that molecular drivers of sink strength in endosperm operate in very low oxygen levels, and under metabolic conditions quite different than previously assumed. Successful enhancement of sink strength has nonetheless been achieved in grains by up-regulating genes for starch biosynthesis. Additionally, our understanding of sink strength is enhanced by awareness of the dual roles played by invertases (INVs), not only in sucrose metabolism, but also in production of the hexose sugar signals that regulate cell cycle and cell division programs. These contributions of INV to cell expansion and division prove to be vital for establishment of young sinks ranging from flowers to fruit. Since INV genes are themselves sugar-responsive "feast genes," they can mediate a feed-forward enhancement of sink strength when assimilates are abundant. Greater overall productivity and yield have thus been attained in key instances, indicating that even broader enhancements may be achievable as we discover the detailed molecular mechanisms that drive sink strength in diverse systems.
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Sucrose is produced in, and translocated from, photosynthetically active leaves (sources) to support non-photosynthetic tissues (sinks), such as developing seeds, fruits, and tubers. Different plants can utilize distinct mechanisms to transport sucrose into the phloem sieve tubes in source leaves. While phloem loading mechanisms have been extensively studied in dicot plants, there is less information about phloem loading in monocots. Maize and rice are major dietary staples, which have previously been proposed to use different cellular routes to transport sucrose from photosynthetic cells into the translocation stream. The anatomical, physiological, and genetic evidence supporting these conflicting hypotheses is examined. Upon entering sink cells, sucrose often is degraded into hexoses for a wide range of metabolic and storage processes, including biosynthesis of starch, protein, and cellulose, which are all major constituents for food, fibre, and fuel. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and their derivate, trehalose-6-phosphate, also serve as signalling molecules to regulate gene expression either directly or through cross-talk with other signalling pathways. As such, sugar transport and metabolism play pivotal roles in plant development and realization of crop yield that needs to be increased substantially to meet the projected population demand in the foreseeable future. This review will discuss the current understanding of the control of carbon partitioning from the cellular to whole-plant levels, focusing on (i) the pathways employed for phloem loading in source leaves, particularly in grasses, and the routes used in sink organs for phloem unloading; (ii) the transporter proteins responsible for sugar efflux and influx across plasma membranes; and (iii) the key enzymes regulating sucrose metabolism, signalling, and utilization. Examples of how sugar transport and metabolism can be manipulated to improve crop productivity and stress tolerance are discussed.
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Increase in demand for our primary foodstuffs is outstripping increase in yields, an expanding gap that indicates large potential food shortages by mid-century. This comes at a time when yield improvements are slowing or stagnating as the approaches of the Green Revolution reach their biological limits. Photosynthesis, which has been improved little in crops and falls far short of its biological limit, emerges as the key remaining route to increase the genetic yield potential of our major crops. Thus, there is a timely need to accelerate our understanding of the photosynthetic process in crops to allow informed and guided improvements via in-silico-assisted genetic engineering. Potential and emerging approaches to improving crop photosynthetic efficiency are discussed, and the new tools needed to realize these changes are presented. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Photosynthetic carbon converted to sucrose is vital for plant growth. Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule and a primary energy source that coordinates the source and sink development. Alteration in source–sink balance halts the physiological and developmental processes of plants, since plant growth is mostly triggered when the primary assimilates in the source leaf balance with the metabolic needs of the heterotrophic sinks. To measure up with the sink organ’s metabolic needs, the improvement of photosynthetic carbon to synthesis sucrose, its remobilization, and utilization at the sink level becomes imperative. However, environmental cues that influence sucrose balance within these plant organs, limiting positive yield prospects, have also been a rising issue over the past few decades. Thus, this review discusses strategies to improve photosynthetic carbon assimilation, the pathways actively involved in the transport of sucrose from source to sink organs, and their utilization at the sink organ. We further emphasize the impact of various environmental cues on sucrose transport and utilization, and the strategic yield improvement approaches under such conditions.
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在大田栽培条件下，以高蛋白花生品种KB008、高脂肪品种花17(H17)和高油酸/亚油酸（O/L）品种农大818(818)为试验材料，研究了3种类型花生品种籽仁中蛋白质、脂肪含量及与品质合成相关的碳、氮代谢酶活性差异.结果表明： KB008的蛋白质含量显著高于H17和818，而可溶性糖含量和O/L值显著低于其他两品种.KB008籽仁中氨基酸组分含量均高于其他两品种，特别是谷氨酸和赖氨酸含量显著高于后两者；油酸含量显著低于、而亚油酸含量显著高于其他两品种.3种类型花生在整个生育期中叶片的硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性均以KB008最高，其次为H17.3种类型花生在结荚期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性大小均表现为KB008>H17>818，说明较高的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性有利于蛋白质合成与积累.叶片中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性大小表现为H17>818>KB008，KB008的磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）活性显著低于其他两品种，而H17的SPS活性在花后60 d时仍保持较高活性，说明较高的叶片SPS、SS活性有利于花生籽仁脂肪的形成.
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Fruit set is a developmental transition from ovaries to fruitlets that determines yield potential. Cell wall invertase (CWIN) is essential for fruit and seed set, but the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. We addressed this issue by using CWIN-elevated transgenic tomato, focusing on ovaries and fruitlets at 2 d before and after anthesis, respectively. RNAseq analyses revealed that ovaries and fruitlets exhibited remarkable differences in their transcriptomic responses to elevated CWIN activity. Ovaries 2 d before anthesis were far more responsive to elevated CWIN activity compared with the fruitlets. We identified several previously unknown pathways that were up-regulated by elevated CWIN activity during fruit set. The most notable of these were expression of genes for defence, ethylene synthesis and the cell cycle along with a large number of cell wall-related genes. By contrast, expression of photosynthetic, protein degradation and some receptor-like kinase genes were generally decreased as compared with the wild type ovaries. GC-MS analyses revealed that 22 out of 24 amino acids exhibited reduced levels in the RNAi ovaries as compared with that in the wild type, probably owing to a down-regulated expression of protein degradation genes. Overall, the data indicate that (i) ovaries are much more sensitive to metabolic intervention than fruitlets; (ii) high CWIN activity could promote fruit set by improving resistance against pathogens and altering cell cycle and cell wall synthesis.© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.
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Source-sink relationships are key to overall crop performance. Detailed understanding of the factors that determine source-sink dynamics is imperative for the balance of biomass and grain yield in crop plants. We investigated the differences in source-sink relationships between a cultivated rice, Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare, and a wild rice, Oryza australiensis, which show striking differences in biomass and grain yield. Oryza australiensis, which accumulates a higher biomass, not only showed higher photosynthesis per unit leaf area but also exported more sucrose from leaves compared with Nipponbare. However, grain features and sugar content suggested limited sucrose mobilization to grains in the wild rice due to vasculature and sucrose transporter functions. Low cell wall invertase activity and high sucrose synthase cleavage activity followed by higher expression of cellulose synthase genes in O. australiensis stem indicated that it utilized photosynthates preferentially for the synthesis of structural carbohydrates, resulting in high biomass. In contrast, source-sink relationships favored high grain yield in Nipponbare via accumulation of transitory starch in the stem, due to higher expression of starch biosynthetic genes, which is mobilized to panicles at the grain filling stage. Thus, vascular features, sucrose transport, and functions of sugar metabolic enzymes explained the differences in source-sink relationships between Nipponbare and O. australiensis.© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET) proteins are highly conserved in various organisms and play crucial roles in sugar transport processes. However, SWEET proteins in peanuts, an essential leguminous crop worldwide, remain lacking in systematic characterization. Here, we identified 94 SWEET genes encoding the conservative MtN3/saliva domains in three peanut species, including 47 in Arachis hypogea, 23 in Arachis duranensis, and 24 in Arachis ipaensis. We observed significant variations in the exon-intron structure of these genes, while the motifs and domain structures remained highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis enabled us to categorize the predicted 286 SWEET proteins from eleven species into seven distinct groups. Whole genome duplication/segment duplication and tandem duplication were the primary mechanisms contributing to the expansion of the total number of SWEET genes. In addition, an investigation of cis-elements in the potential promoter regions and expression profiles across 22 samples uncovered the diverse expression patterns of AhSWEET genes in peanuts. AhSWEET24, with the highest expression level in seeds from A. hypogaea Tifrunner, was observed to be localized on both the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Moreover, qRT-PCR results suggested that twelve seed-expressed AhSWEET genes were important in the regulation of seed development across four different peanut varieties. Together, our results provide a foundational basis for future investigations into the functions of SWEET genes in peanuts, especially in the process of seed development.© 2024. The Author(s).
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