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Integrated Analysis of Hormone Metabolome and Transcriptome to Reveal Regulatory Mechanism of Blue Light on Tuberous Root Expansion in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum
ZHAOGang, WANGYue, ZHUHai, DUANHuaping, ZHANGLi, LIUPing, WENJing, GUOLianjin
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (19) : 82-93.
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Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Integrated Analysis of Hormone Metabolome and Transcriptome to Reveal Regulatory Mechanism of Blue Light on Tuberous Root Expansion in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum
This study aims to deeply analyze that blue light promotes the expansion and development of tuberous roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum by regulating endogenous hormone levels and their signaling pathways. Using the MetWare LC-MS/MS platform, we quantified the changes in the contents of eight major plant hormones, including auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CK), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), gibberellin (GA), ethylene (ETH), and strigolactone (SL), along with their intermediates in T. hemsleyanum tubers before and after blue light treatment. Combined with transcriptome sequencing to analyze differentially expressed genes, we correlated hormonal changes with the differential expression of key genes in their signaling pathways and validated target genes using qPCR, thereby investigating the effects of blue light on tuber development from the perspective of transcriptional regulation and hormonal metabolic synergy. Hormone metabolomics revealed that while IAA levels showed no significant change, the expression of its signaling-related genes was markedly downregulated, indicating that IAA contributes minimally to tuber expansion under blue light. The significant accumulation of zeatin-O-glucoside following blue light treatment may indirectly promote tuber development through sucrose metabolism and starch storage. Furthermore, the decrease in GA20 content and stable expression of GID genes led to the attenuation of gibberellin signaling, potentially exerting a positive regulatory effect on tuber swelling. Additionally, blue light significantly upregulated JA levels while suppressing the expression of ThJAZL2663, a negative regulator of JA signal transduction, suggesting that blue light directly enhances JA physiological activity to promote tuber development. Low-intensity blue light irradiation increases JA content and inhibits the expression of ThJAZL2663 gene, thereby amplifying JA physiological activity and directly promoting development. Moreover, blue light exerts a synergistic effect through differential regulation of the hormonal network, including weakening the gibberellin (GA20-GID) signaling pathway and inducing cytokinin glycosylation metabolism, to facilitate tuber expansion in T. hemsleyanum. This study not only elucidates the impact of blue light-mediated hormonal metabolic changes on tuber development but also provides critical theoretical support for optimizing blue light-regulated supplemental cultivation techniques in T. hemsleyanum.
phytohormone metabolome / transcriptome / low-intensity blue light / Tetrastigma hemsleyanum / development of tuberous root / correlation and comparative analysis
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Plants are a vital source of bioactive molecules for various drug development processes.\nTetrastigma hemsleyanum is one of the endangered medicinal plant species well known to the\nworld due to its wide range of therapeutic effects. Many bioactive molecules have been identified\nfrom this plant, including many classes of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids,\nsteroids, alkaloids, etc. Due to its slow growth, it usually takes 3-5 years to meet commercial\nmedicinal materials for this plant. Also, T. hemsleyanum contains low amounts of specific bioactive\ncompounds, which are challenging to isolate easily. Currently, scientists are attempting to increase\nbioactive molecules' production from medicinal plants in different ways or to synthesize\nthem chemically. The genomic tools helped to understand medicinal plants' genome organization\nand led to manipulating genes responsible for various biosynthesis pathways. Metabolic engineering\nhas made it possible to enhance the production of secondary metabolites by introducing manipulated\nbiosynthetic pathways to attain high levels of desirable bioactive molecules. Metabolic\nengineering is a promising approach for improving the production of secondary metabolites over a\nshort time period. In this review, we have highlighted the scope of various biotechnological approaches\nfor metabolic engineering to enhance the production of secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical\napplications in T. hemsleyanum. Also, we summarized the progress made in metabolic engineering\nfor bioactive molecule enhancement in T. hemsleyanum. It may lead to reducing the destruction\nof the natural habitat of T. hemsleyanum and conserving them through the cost-effective\nproduction of bioactive molecules in the future.
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The tubers of Curcuma kwangsiensis are regarded as an important medicinal material in China. In C. kwangsiensis cultivation, tuber expansion is key to yield and quality, but the regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were conducted to elucidate the mechanism underlying tuber expansion development. The results showed that auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellin (GA3), ethylene (ETH), and brassinolide (BR) levels increased during tuber expansion development. Metabolomic analysis showed that 197 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) accumulated during tuber expansion development and these also play important roles in the accumulation of carbohydrates and secondary metabolites. 6962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway as well as sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Comprehensive analysis revealed that DEGs and DAMs of plant hormone signal transduction, ABC transporters and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and terpenoids are critical pathways in regulating tuber expansion. In addition, some transcription factors (ARF, C2H2, C3H, NAC, bHLH, GRAS and WRKY) as well as hub genes (HDS, HMGR, ARF7, PP2CA, PAL and CCOMT) are also involved in this process. This study lays a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of tuber expansion in C. kwangsiensis.
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Light is a key environmental cue that inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation through the blue and red/far-red light photoreceptors cryptochrome- and phytochrome-mediated pathways in Arabidopsis. In contrast, as a pivotal endogenous phytohormone auxin promotes hypocotyl elongation through the auxin receptors TIR1/AFBs-mediated degradation of AUX/IAA proteins (AUX/IAAs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonistic interaction of light and auxin signaling remain unclear. Here, we report that light inhibits auxin signaling through stabilization of AUX/IAAs by blue and red light-dependent interactions of cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and phytochrome B with AUX/IAAs, respectively. Blue light-triggered interactions of CRY1 with AUX/IAAs inhibit the associations of TIR1 with AUX/IAAs, leading to the repression of auxin-induced degradation of these proteins. Our results indicate that photoreceptors share AUX/IAAs with auxin receptors as the same direct downstream signaling components. We propose that antagonistic regulation of AUX/IAA protein stability by photoreceptors and auxin receptors allows plants to balance light and auxin signals to optimize their growth.Copyright © 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Light quality is essential in in vitro cultures for morphogenesis process. Light emitting diodes system (LED) allows adjustment as desired and the most appropriate light spectrum. The study analyzed the influence of different LED light quality on the balance of endogenous phytohormones and related compounds (PhRC) in in vitro multiplied axillary shoots of Gerbera jamesonii. Over a duration of 40 days, the shoots were exposed to 100% red light, 100% blue light, red and blue light at a 7:3 ratio with control fluorescent lamps. Every 10 days plant tissues were tested for their PhRC content with the use of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Shoots’ morphometric features were analyzed after a multiplication cycle. We identified 35 PhRC including twelve cytokinins, seven auxins, nine gibberellins, and seven stress-related phytohormones. Compounds content varied from 0.00052 nmol/g to 168.15 nmol/g of dry weight (DW). The most abundant group were stress-related phytohormones (particularly benzoic and salicylic acids), and the least abundant were cytokinins (about 370 times smaller content). LED light did not disturb the endogenous phytohormone balance, and more effectively mitigated the stress experienced by in vitro grown plants than the fluorescent lamps. The stress was most effectively reduced under the red LED. Red and red:blue light lowered tissue auxin levels. Blue LED light lowered the shoot multiplication rate and their height, and induced the highest content of gibberellins at the last stage of the culture.
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. Its starchy tuberous roots supply over 800 million people with carbohydrates. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the processes involved in filling of those vital storage organs. A better understanding of cassava carbohydrate allocation and starch storage is key to improving storage root yield. Here, we studied cassava morphology and phloem sap flow from source to sink using transgenic pAtSUC2::GFP plants, the phloem tracers esculin and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, as well as several staining techniques. We show that cassava performs apoplasmic phloem loading in source leaves and symplasmic unloading into phloem parenchyma cells of tuberous roots. We demonstrate that vascular rays play an important role in radial transport from the phloem to xylem parenchyma cells in tuberous roots. Furthermore, enzymatic and proteomic measurements of storage root tissues confirmed high abundance and activity of enzymes involved in the sucrose synthase-mediated pathway and indicated that starch is stored most efficiently in the outer xylem layers of tuberous roots. Our findings form the basis for biotechnological approaches aimed at improved phloem loading and enhanced carbohydrate allocation and storage in order to increase tuberous root yield of cassava.© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.
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Phosphorylation plays a critical role in facilitating signal transduction in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Our study introduces a tool for investigation of signal diffusion in a biochemical regulation network through the design and characterization of a light-stimulated histidine kinase that consists of the LOV domain from YtvA from Bacillus subtilis and the histidine kinase domain Sln1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that blue light can be used as a trigger for modulation of the phosphorylation events in this engineered two-component signal transduction pathway in a eukaryotic cell. At the same time, we demonstrate the robustness of LOV domains and their utility for designing fusion proteins for signal transduction that can be triggered with (blue) light, providing a ready toolkit to design blue light dependent two-component signalling pathways.
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Knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins are homeodomain transcription factors that maintain an important pluripotent cell population called the shoot apical meristem, which generates the entire above-ground body of vascular plants. KNOX proteins regulate target genes that control hormone homeostasis in the meristem and interact with another subclass of homeodomain proteins called the BELL family. Studies in novel genetic systems, both at the base of the land plant phylogeny and in flowering plants, have uncovered novel roles for KNOX proteins in sculpting plant form and its diversity. Here, we discuss how KNOX proteins influence plant growth and development in a versatile context-dependent manner.
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Light is an important environmental factor which affects plant growth, through changes of intensity and quality. In this study, monochromatic white (control), red (660 nm), and blue (430 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to treat tea short cuttings. The results showed the most adventitious roots in blue light treated tea cuttings, but the lowest roots in that treated by red light. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of light quality affecting adventitious root formation, we performed full-length transcriptome and metabolome analyses of mature leaves under three light qualities, and then conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Phytohormone analysis showed that Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), Abscisic acid (ABA), ABA-glucosyl ester (ABA-GE), trans-Zeatin (tZ), and Jasmonic acid (JA) contents in mature leaves under blue light were significantly higher than those under white and red light. A crosstalk regulatory network comprising 23 co-expression modules was successfully constructed. Among them, the “MEblue” module which had a highly positive correlation with ICA (R = 0.92, P = 4e-04). KEGG analysis showed that related genes were significantly enriched in the “Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075)” pathway. YUC (a flavin-containing monooxygenase), AUX1, AUX/IAA, and ARF were identified as hub genes, and gene expression analysis showed that the expression levels of these hub genes under blue light were higher than those under white and red light. In addition, we also identified 6 auxin transport-related genes, including PIN1, PIN3, PIN4, PILS5, PILS6, and PILS7. Except PILS5, all of these genes showed the highest expression level under blue light. In conclusion, this study elucidated the molecular mechanism of light quality regulating adventitious root formation of tea short cutting through WGCNA analysis, which provided an innovation for “rapid seedling” of tea plants.
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Blue light has a greater effect on jasmonic acid and flavonoid accumulation in wheat seeds than red light; blue light reduces starch synthesis and the size of starch granules and seeds. This study sought to elucidate the effects of blue and red light on seed metabolism to provide important insights regarding the role of light quality in regulating seed growth and development. We used combined multi-omics analysis to investigate the impact of red and blue light (BL) on the induction of secondary metabolite accumulation in the hexaploid wheat Dianmai 3 after pollination. Flavonoids and alkaloids were the most differentially abundant metabolites detected under different treatments. Additionally, we used multi-omics and weighted correlation network analysis to screen multiple candidate genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and flavonoids. Expression regulatory networks were constructed based on RNA-sequencing data and their potential binding sites. The results revealed that BL had a greater effect on JA and flavonoid accumulation in wheat seeds than red light. Furthermore, BL reduced starch synthesis and stunted the size of starch granules and seeds. Collectively, these findings clarify the role of BL in the metabolic regulation of early seed development in wheat.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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The indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway is the main route for auxin biosynthesis in higher plants. Tryptophan aminotransferases (TAA1/TAR) and members of the YUCCA family of flavin-containing monooxygenases catalyze the conversion of l-tryptophan via indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It has been described that jasmonic acid (JA) locally produced in response to mechanical wounding triggers the de novo formation of IAA through the induction of two YUCCA genes, YUC8 and YUC9. Here, we report the direct involvement of a small number of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors of the MYC family in this process. We show that the JA-mediated regulation of the expression of the YUC8 and YUC9 genes depends on the abundance of MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4. In support of this observation, seedlings of myc knockout mutants displayed a strongly reduced response to JA-mediated IAA formation. Furthermore, transactivation assays provided experimental evidence for the binding of MYC transcription factors to a particular tandem G-box motif abundant in the promoter regions of YUC8 and YUC9, but not in the promoters of the other YUCCA isogenes. Moreover, we demonstrate that plants that constitutively overexpress YUC8 and YUC9 show less damage after spider mite infestation, thereby underlining the role of auxin in plant responses to biotic stress signals.
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The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays important roles in plant defenses, development, and the synthesis of specialized metabolites synthesis. Transcription factor MYC2 is a major regulator of the JA signaling pathway and is involved in the regulation of plant physiological processes and specialized metabolite synthesis. Based on our understanding of the mechanism underlying the regulation of specialized metabolite synthesis in plants by the transcription factor MYC2, the use of synthetic biology approaches to design MYC2-driven chassis cells for the synthesis of specialized metabolites with high medicinal value, such as paclitaxel, vincristine, and artemisinin, seems to be a promising strategy. In this review, the regulatory role of MYC2 in JA signal transduction of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant growth, development and specialized metabolite synthesis is described in detail, which will provide valuable reference for the use of MYC2 molecular switches to regulate plant specialized metabolite biosynthesis.
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\n The jasmonate (JA)-pathway regulators MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 are central nodes in plant signaling networks integrating environmental and developmental signals to fine-tune JA defenses and plant growth. Continuous activation of MYC activity is potentially lethal. Hence, MYCs need to be tightly regulated in order to optimize plant fitness. Among the increasing number of mechanisms regulating MYC activity, protein stability is arising as a major player. However, how the levels of MYC proteins are modulated is still poorly understood. Here, we report that MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 are targets of BPM (BTB/POZ-MATH) proteins, which act as substrate adaptors of CUL3-based E3 ubiquitin ligases. Reduction of function of CUL3\n BPM\n in\n amiR-bpm\n lines,\n bpm235\n triple mutants, and\n cul3ab\n double mutants enhances MYC2 and MYC3 stability and accumulation and potentiates plant responses to JA such as root-growth inhibition and MYC-regulated gene expression. Moreover, MYC3 polyubiquitination levels are reduced in\n amiR-bpm\n lines. BPM3 protein is stabilized by JA, suggesting a negative feedback regulatory mechanism to control MYC activity, avoiding harmful runaway responses. Our results uncover a layer for JA-pathway regulation by CUL3\n BPM\n -mediated degradation of MYC transcription factors.\n
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