The contamination of soils by trace metals has been an unfortunate sideeffect of industrialization. Some of these contaminants can interfere with vulnerable enduses of soil, such as agriculture or nature, already at relatively low levels of contamination. Reversely, conventional civil-technical soil-remediation techniques are too expensive to remediate extended areas of moderately contaminated soil. Phytoextraction has been proposed as a more economic complementary approach to deal with this specific niche of soil contamination. However, phytoextraction has been shown to be a slow-working process due to the low amounts of metals that can be annually removed from the soil under normal agronomic conditions. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted on process optimization by means of chemically improving plant availability and the uptake of heavy metals. A wide range of potential amendments has been proposed in the literature, with considerable attention being spent on aminopolycarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). However, these compounds have received increasing criticism due to their environmental persistence and associated risks for leaching. This review presents an overview of potential soil amendments that can be employed for enhancing metal uptake by phytoextraction crops, with a distinct focus on more degradable alternatives to persistent compounds such as EDTA.

Organic acids play an important role in cadmium availability, uptake, translocation, and detoxification. A sand culture experiment was designed to investigate the effects of citric acid on Cd uptake, translocation, and accumulation in tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. The results showed that two grass species presented different Cd chemical forms, organic acid components and amount in roots. The dormant Cd accumulated in roots of tall fescue was the pectate- and protein- integrated form, which contributed by 84.85%. However, in Kentucky bluegrass, the pectate- and protein- integrated Cd was only contributed by 35.78%, and the higher proportion of Cd form was the water soluble Cd-organic acid complexes. In tall fescue, citric acid dramatically enhanced 2.8 fold of Cd uptake, 3 fold of root Cd accumulation, and 2.3 fold of shoot Cd accumulation. In Kentucky bluegrass, citric acid promoted Cd accumulation in roots, but significantly decreased Cd accumulation in shoots. These results suggested that the enhancements of citric acid on Cd uptake, translocation, and accumulation in tall fescue was associated with its promotion of organic acids and the water soluble Cd-organic acid complexes in roots.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

本试验采用水培法,以金皇后品种的紫花苜蓿为材料,探讨了酸(pH 3.0,4.5,6.0,7.5)、Al³⁺(0,50,100,200 mg/L)胁迫处理对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着酸度的增加对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强,微酸(pH 6.0)环境下几乎没有抑制作用,甚至有促进作用。溶液铝含量在0,50 mg/L时,苜蓿生长正常,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、茎长、根长等均明显高于其他处理(P<0.05);当铝含量在100~200 mg/L时,苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长受到严重抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、茎长、根长等均显著低于(P<0.05)其他处理。酸、铝共同胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响大于单一胁迫对它的影响,当pH<4.5、Al³⁺浓度达到50 mg/L以上时,即可对苜蓿芽苗的生长产生明显的抑制作用。

虽然土壤与食物链之间的依存关系使人们对土壤污染问题极为关注,但人类活动所排出的各类物质正使土壤污染呈现加重的趋势,有关污染土壤的修复研究正日益受到重视。生物修复技术是近20年发展起来的一项用于污染土壤治理的新技术,处于实验室或模拟试验阶段的研究结果较多,商业性应用有待于该技术的进一步成熟和创新性技术的开发。本文重点就植物与微生物对重金属和有机污染土壤生物修复的机理及研究进展进行了讨论,并对该领域今后的研究方向做了探讨.

采用沙培的方式研究酸性土壤中土壤酸度对紫花苜蓿生理和生长的影响。结果表明,pH值在5～6的弱酸性环境为苜蓿的最适生长环境,这一酸度范围内幼苗生长正常或受到促进,如单株叶片数高于对照(pH=7)处理23.6%～27.2%、单叶面积高出对照20.87%～25.50%,叶绿素含量高出对照31.2%～27.9%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。而出苗率、株高、根瘤数、根瘤等级、根长和地上、地下生物量亦高于对照;而pH值低于4的环境酸度为低适生长环境,可使苜蓿幼苗受到严重胁迫,出苗率、株高、单叶面积、单株叶片数、根瘤数、根长和地上、地下生物量均低于其他处理。在不同土壤酸度下,质膜透性、叶绿素含量、光化学效率(Fv/Fo)等均存着显著差异(P<0.05),pH＜4的各项生理指标均明显低于pH≥5的处理,其中地上生物量和根系活力分别不足对照处理的55.6%和61.1%(P<0.05)。

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide at low concentrations act as signaling of several abiotic stresses. Overproduction of hydrogen peroxide causes the oxidation of plant cell lipid phosphate layer promoting senescence and cell death. To mitigate the effect of ROS, plants develop antioxidant defense mechanisms (superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase), ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (ASA-GSH) (ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase), which have the function of removing and transforming ROS into non-toxic substances to maintain cellular homeostasis. Foliar or soil application of fertilizers containing B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn at low concentrations has the ability to elicit and activate antioxidative enzymes, non-oxidizing metabolism, as well as sugar metabolism to mitigate damage by oxidative stress. Plants treated with micronutrients show higher tolerance to abiotic stress and better nutritional status. In this review, we summarized results indicating micronutrient actions in order to reduce ROS resulting the increase of photosynthetic capacity of plants for greater crop yield. This meta-analysis provides information on the mechanism of action of micronutrients in combating ROS, which can make plants more tolerant to several types of abiotic stress such as extreme temperatures, salinity, heavy metals and excess light.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.