This study conducted a site-specific analysis of the responses of peanut yield and agronomic traits to meteorological factors, thereby providing references for the introduction and cultivation of peanut varieties. In this study, 12 peanut varieties bred from Northern China were used as test materials, and field experiments were conducted at the same location in Ganzhou over six years. Variance analysis and correlation analysis were employed to investigate the effects of meteorological factors in different years on peanut agronomic traits and yield performance. The results show that the growth period of peanuts is primarily influenced by the active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period. The main stem height is mainly affected by the average precipitation during the entire growth period, lateral branch length is primarily influenced by the average temperature difference between day and night throughout the growth period, and the number of branches is mainly affected by the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period. Pod yield and kernel yield are primarily influenced by the active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period. Among the yield components, the 100-kernel weight is significantly negatively correlated with the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period, while the 100-pod weight and shelling percentage are mainly affected by the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period. The number of pods per plant and the number of full pods per plant are primarily influenced by the active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period. The active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period has the greatest impact on yield, followed by average precipitation and the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period. The yield performance of the 12 northern peanut varieties in this experiment in Ganzhou is adversely affected by high temperature and drought during the pegging stage and by high temperature and excessive rainfall during the pod-filling stages, which are unfavorable for improving pod yield, kernel yield, 100-kernel weight, and kernel percentage. To mitigate the adverse effects of unfavorable meteorological factors, when cultivating northern peanut varieties in Ganzhou, it is advisable to prioritize small-seeded or pearl-type peanut varieties, sow early at an appropriate time, adopt a reasonable planting density to avoid an overly dense canopy that may aggravate disease incidence, and irrigate promptly during the pegging stage if high temperatures and drought occur. This study may serve as a reference for the introduction of peanut varieties in Ganzhou and for the evaluation of cultivars in analogous agro-ecological zones.