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Effects of Organic Fertilizer Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Content and Maize Carbon Allocation
LUOHongxing, LIUXiaowei, FENGFan, JIANGRenmin, TANGQiaoqiao, JIANGWanzun, WUYong, ZHANGChengming
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (21) : 141-148.
PDF(1862 KB)
Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Effects of Organic Fertilizer Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Content and Maize Carbon Allocation
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer on carbon accumulation of purple soil and maize. The experiment comprised four treatments, including no nitrogen fertilization (CK), conventional chemical fertilizer (CT), 50% organic N substitution (HR), and 100% organic N substitution (FR). Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil organic matter (SOM) content, biomass of maize organs, and carbon concentration were measured to elucidate the impact on soil carbon fractions and maize carbon accumulation and partitioning. The results indicated that the HR treatment significantly increased soil DOC to 541.0 mg/kg. However, increasing the substitution rate to 100% (FR) led to a significant reduction in soil DOC by 17.70% (P<0.05). Conversely, SOM content increased significantly with the proportion of organic substitution, peaking at 39.0 g/kg under the FR treatment, which was approximately 7.6 g/kg higher than that under the HR treatment. Organic substitution effectively enhanced maize yield, with the HR treatment exhibiting the most pronounced effect, achieving a grain yield of 12.7 t/hm2. Furthermore, organic substitution significantly influenced maize carbon concentration, accumulation, and distribution (P<0.05). Although the HR treatment resulted in a significantly higher grain carbon accumulation compared to FR, no significant difference in carbon concentration was observed between these treatments. Notably, the HR treatment achieved the highest carbon allocation to grains (59.2%), whereas the CT treatment primarily allocated carbon to leaves, and the FR treatment favored carbon allocation to root stubble. In summary, while organic substitution increases SOM, excessive substitution may inhibit soil DOC availability. The HR treatment demonstrated the optimal balance, enhancing soil organic carbon and maximizing the translocation of photosynthates to grains, thereby achieving the highest yield. Therefore, we recommend a 50% organic nitrogen substitution rate for maize production in southwestern calcareous purple soils.
calcareous purple soil / maize / organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer / soil organic carbon / carbon allocation
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【目的】选取单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、化肥有机肥配施（NPKM）和单施有机肥（M）3种施肥模式为对象，综合考虑不同土壤类型、质地、pH及初始土壤有机碳（SOC）含量等背景条件，定量分析其对土壤肥力关键指标及玉米产量的影响程度与主控因素，为减缓黑土退化和玉米高产稳产提供科学依据。【方法】基于东北地区2000-2025年间发表的施肥对土壤肥力和产量影响的75篇文献、477组数据，采用Meta分析方法，从不同土壤类型、质地、pH及初始SOC含量4个方面定量阐述了相比NPK，NPKM和M处理对东北黑土理化性质、生物学特征及玉米产量的影响程度。并通过主成分分析及随机森林模型，明确不同土壤指标对土壤肥力指数和玉米产量的重要性。【结果】相比NPK，NPKM处理显著降低土壤容重（BD），平均降低6.2%，其中在pH<6.5条件下的降幅最大（12.3%）。相较于NPK，NPKM对SOC提升幅度为24.0%，在初始SOC含量<20 g·kg-1时增幅最大（30.6%），并随着初始SOC含量增高，SOC提升幅度变小。相比NPK，NPKM显著增加了碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）含量，其中在pH 6.5—7.0条件下增幅更大。玉米产量，NPKM处理平均增产超过25%，在pH 6.5—7.0时增幅最大（43.7%）。M处理对SOC的平均提升幅度为21.1%，在初始SOC含量<20 g·kg-1时增幅最大（42.5%），但随着初始SOC含量的增加其提升效应逐渐减弱。并且在部分条件下表现为降低全磷（TP，12.6%）或全钾（TK，3.7%）。NPKM和M处理的土壤肥力指数分别达0.7和0.6，均处于Ⅱ级高肥力水平。主成分分析和随机森林结果均表明，SOC是玉米增产的核心因子，其中NPKM处理的玉米增产影响因素为SOC、全氮（TN）、土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和BD，累计解释率为60.2%；M处理玉米增产主要影响因素为SOC、BD、pH、SMBC和微生物量氮（SMBN），累计解释率为63.6%。【结论】在东北黑土区，NPKM处理可显著降低BD，提升SOC、养分含量（TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK）、微生物量（SMBC、SMBN）及玉米产量，综合效应优于M处理。本研究明确了NPKM对东北黑土区土壤肥力与玉米产量的定量效应，同时也明确了SOC是NPKM处理下土壤肥力和玉米产量的核心驱动指标，提出了该施肥方式是提升黑土肥力和玉米高产稳产的最佳施肥方式。
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为明确长期施肥对山东潮土固碳潜力和作物产量的影响,以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,通过28 a定位施肥试验研究长期施肥下潮土固碳特征及其作物产量效应,提出不同肥力水平山东潮土有机碳提升策略。试验采用裂区设计,包括单施化肥和有机无机肥配施两大主处理,化肥区处理分别为不施肥、氮、氮磷、氮钾、磷钾、氮磷钾、减量氮磷钾、增量氮磷钾;有机肥区处理为化肥区处理基础上分别增加等量有机肥。结果表明,有机肥处理土壤累积碳投入量和固碳速率分别比化肥处理高2.47,4.29倍。有机肥处理土壤有机碳投入量为155.6~193.2 t/hm2,固碳速率为0.25~2.18 t/(hm2·a),化肥处理土壤有机碳投入量为39.5~100.5 t/hm2,固碳速率为4.15~5.49 t/(hm2·a)。其中,化肥区和有机肥区均是增量氮磷钾处理碳储量最高、固碳速率最快。随着外源碳的累积投入量增加,土壤有机碳呈线性增加,当投入量小于120 t/hm2时,土壤有机碳的存储能力为18.4%~20.6%;当投入量在120~200 t/hm2时,土壤有机碳的存储能力为11.5%。外源碳累积投入量小于100 t/hm2时,土壤固碳效率为11.7%;外源碳累积投入量100~200 t/hm2时,土壤固碳效率为4.3%。土壤有机碳含量与小麦和玉米产量之间均呈极显著相关关系,潮土土壤有机碳提升1 g/kg,作物总产量可增加414.5 kg/hm2(小麦和玉米产量可分别增加208.4,184.8 kg/hm2)。在保证土壤肥力和作物产量条件下,建议山东潮土累积有机碳投入量为150 t/hm2较为合适。
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为破解鲜食糯玉米生产中因不合理施肥导致的籽粒品质下降与土壤质量下降难题，本研究以糯玉米新品种‘济糯23’为材料，通过田间试验系统评估5种施肥模式对糯玉米产量、营养品质、土壤肥力及经济效益的综合效应。结果表明，不同施肥处理在促进玉米生长与改良土壤方面的协同增效效果差异显著。综合效益排序为有机无机配施（鸡粪+NPK）>控释专用肥>高氮复合肥>单施尿素>不施肥对照(CK)。与CK相比，各施肥处理平均增产12.1%~32.5%。其中，有机无机配施模式（鸡粪+NPK）展现出最优的农艺性状，显著提升了土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量，有效优化了玉米穗部性状（增加穗长和穗粒数，减少秃尖），明显改善了糯玉米的风味与核心营养品质。具体而言，相较于单施尿素处理，该模式下，单穗重提高13.7%，鲜穗产量增加18.2%；籽粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗淀粉、可溶性固形物和赖氨酸含量分别显著提高21.2%、8.3%、15.5%、29.8%和10.3%；实现净增收4518.9元/hm2。试验证实，鸡粪有机肥与高氮复合肥配施能有效协调糯玉米产量形成、品质提升与土壤地力的关系，为山东省糯玉米绿色高效生产提供了一套兼具增产、提质、培肥和增效功能的肥料优化方案与农艺调控策略。
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Global phosphorus (P) reserves are being depleted, with half-depletion predicted to occur between 2040 and 2060. Most of the P applied in fertilizers may be sorbed by soil, and not be available for plants lacking specific adaptations. On the severely P-impoverished soils of south-western Australia and the Cape region in South Africa, non-mycorrhizal species exhibit highly effective adaptations to acquire P. A wide range of these non-mycorrhizal species, belonging to two monocotyledonous and eight dicotyledonous families, produce root clusters. Non-mycorrhizal species with root clusters appear to be particularly effective at accessing P when its availability is extremely low.There is a need to develop crops that are highly effective at acquiring inorganic P (Pi) from P-sorbing soils. Traits such as those found in non-mycorrhizal root-cluster-bearing species in Australia, South Africa and other P-impoverished environments are highly desirable for future crops. Root clusters combine a specialized structure with a specialized metabolism. Native species with such traits could be domesticated or crossed with existing crop species. An alternative approach would be to develop future crops with root clusters based on knowledge of the genes involved in development and functioning of root clusters.Root clusters offer enormous potential for future research of both a fundamental and a strategic nature. New discoveries of the development and functioning of root clusters in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous families are essential to produce new crops with superior P-acquisition traits.
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谢军, 徐春丽, 陈轩敬, 等. 不同施肥模式对玉米各器官碳氮累积和分配的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(8):50-58.
以长期定位试验为依托,选取:1)不施肥(CK);2)农民习惯施肥(FP);3)推荐施肥(OP);4)有机肥氮替代100%化肥氮(OM);5)有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮(MF)5个处理,研究不同施肥模式对玉米植株及各器官碳氮含量、碳氮分配比例及C/N的影响,为西南紫色土地区合理施肥、作物增产提供科学依据。结果表明,与FP处理相比,MF处理显著增加了玉米植株生物量,达26.2%。相比OM和OP处理,MF处理显著增加玉米苞叶和根茬中碳浓度,分别增加5.4、4.2 g·kg-1和7.4、21.3 g·kg-1,同时增加玉米苞叶、根茬、穗轴和籽粒中的碳储量,玉米茎秆和籽粒中的氮储量也有增加。此外,相比FP处理,MF处理能显著增加玉米整株的碳储量和氮储量,达29.1%和16.9%。等氮水平下,MF、OP处理均能增加玉米苞叶和籽粒中碳同化物的分配比例,MF处理玉米籽粒中氮素的分配比例较OP和OM处理分别增加1.7%和3.6%,同时MF处理能使玉米维持较高的C/N。综上,有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮能增加玉米植株的生物量,同时提高玉米对氮素的吸收和碳素的累积,增加玉米籽粒中碳同化物和氮素的分配比例,同时,有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮能使玉米植株维持较高的C/N,有利于产量的形成,该施肥方式不仅能够促进氮素的高效利用,减少化肥的投入,还能够减少化肥损失,降低氮素损失引发的环境风险。
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吴洪生, 马文舟, 丁军, 等. 不同形态和用量氮肥对玉米生长及氮素利用率影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(17):9-16.
为开展盱眙县中低产农田土壤酸化退化治理工作，改良土壤，提高酸化土壤肥料利用率，选择盱眙县古桑镇陈郢村农户张进文家承包田进行不同氮肥利用率及耕地质量提升试验。前茬作物是小麦，本次试验作物为玉米。试验设（1）对照不施肥；（2）复合肥(15-15-15) 525 kg/hm2+尿素225 kg/hm2；（3）复合肥675 kg/hm2+尿素225 kg/hm2；（4）复合肥525 kg/hm2+5%商品有机肥（地力丰）3000 kg/hm2；（5）复合肥675 kg/hm2+5%商品有机肥3000 kg/hm2，共计5个处理，3次重复，15个小区，随机排列，四周开沟分割小区。结果表明：不同形态和用量氮肥利用率在43%~56%，利用率较高；化学肥料氮素利用率比有机肥处理高，能够快速促进玉米生长和玉米生物量，随着氮肥施用量的增加，土壤氮素依存率下降，同样施肥量，有机肥土壤氮素依存率高于化肥；氮肥施用量越高，氮素农学效率越高，能够促进玉米生长和生物量，尤其提高玉米秸秆产量，有机无机复混肥氮素农学效率最高，但是并不能提高玉米籽粒产量。从氮素表观平衡看，复合肥施用量大大超过玉米吸入的量，有机肥相对较小。从氮素表观利用率看，随着施肥量增加而增加，但是复合肥的利用率低于有机无机复混肥，化学氮肥配合施用有机肥，可以提高氮素利用率，配合施用有机肥的氮肥利用率比单一施用化学氮肥，利用率提高24.90%，同时增加土壤有机质，因此，在中低产退化土壤的实际施肥过程中，要提高氮素利用率，建议有机无机配合施用较好。
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