Progress in Chemistry

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Review on Mechanism and Model of Heat Release and Safety Modification Technology of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Shuyang Yu, Wenlei Luo, Jingying Xie, Ya Mao, Chao Xu

Prog Chem, 2023, 35(4): 620-642. DOI: 10.7536/PC220935

Fig.2 Some battery safety accidents in recent years

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Fig.1 Schematic diagram of lithium-ion battery
Table 1 Battery safety accidents in recent years
Fig.3 Trigger factors of battery thermal runaway
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of thermal runaway chain reaction of lithium-ion battery^[13]
Fig.5 “Three stages” of thermal runaway^[14]
Fig.6 Characteristic temperature of battery thermal runaway
Fig.7 Thermal runaway triggered by chemical crosstalk between the cathode and anode^[47]: (a) time-resolved XRD patterns of charged cathode material; (b) in situ heat generation and oxygen release at different temperatures of charged cathode materials; (c) at 100~500℃, the mixture of cathode and anode releases virtually no oxygen but has sharp heat generation enhancement; (d) cathode and anode cross chemical reaction process
Fig.8 Two endogenous pathways of oxygen involved in thermal runaway strong exothermic reactions^[50]: (a) peak fitting of DSC curve of Ca+An+Ely_31%EC sample; (b) peak fitting of DSC curve of Ca+An+Ely_0%EC sample; (c) mechanism and pathway of oxygen release from cathode; (d) thermal runaway temperature rise rate of NMC811/Gr battery with EC-free-electrolyte (0%EC) compared with the control set (31%EC)
Fig.9 Thermal runaway is triggered by LiH-induced exothermic reaction at anode side and H₂ migration to cathode side^[57]. (a) ARC temperature rise curve and gas generation composition of 100%SOC anode/electrolyte; (b) DSC curves of dual electrolyte and LiH/dual electrolyte under N₂ atmosphere; (c) thermal runaway route map for fully charged NCM523/Gr battery
Fig.10 Multi-step thermal runaway route map for SEs and metallic Li^[60]
Fig.11 Schematic diagram of 1D electrochemical-3D thermal coupling model: (a) computational domain of 1D electrochemical model; (b) 3D geometric model
Fig.12 Model-based thermal runaway prediction of lithium-ion batteries from kinetics analysis of cell components^[96]
Fig.13 High safety composite separators: (a) electrospun core-shell microfiber separator^[127]; (b) new separator coated with electrolyte-insoluble flame retardants^[128]
Fig.14 (a) DSC curves of components and their mixtures of NCM811/Gr battery using concentrated LiFSI/DMC electrolyte; (b) DSC curves of components and their mixtures of NCM523/Gr battery using concentrated LiFSI/DMC electrolyte; (c) comparison of thermal runaway features of NCM/Gr batteries with concentrated LiFSI/DMC and conventional 1 M LiPF₆/EC:EMC electrolyte^[136]

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