Progress in Chemistry

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Review on Mechanism and Model of Heat Release and Safety Modification Technology of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Shuyang Yu, Wenlei Luo, Jingying Xie, Ya Mao, Chao Xu

Prog Chem, 2023, 35(4): 620-642. DOI: 10.7536/PC220935

Fig.13 High safety composite separators: (a) electrospun core-shell microfiber separator^[127]; (b) new separator coated with electrolyte-insoluble flame retardants^[128]

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Fig.1 Schematic diagram of lithium-ion battery
Table 1 Battery safety accidents in recent years
Fig.2 Some battery safety accidents in recent years
Fig.3 Trigger factors of battery thermal runaway
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of thermal runaway chain reaction of lithium-ion battery^[13]
Fig.5 “Three stages” of thermal runaway^[14]
Fig.6 Characteristic temperature of battery thermal runaway
Fig.7 Thermal runaway triggered by chemical crosstalk between the cathode and anode^[47]: (a) time-resolved XRD patterns of charged cathode material; (b) in situ heat generation and oxygen release at different temperatures of charged cathode materials; (c) at 100~500℃, the mixture of cathode and anode releases virtually no oxygen but has sharp heat generation enhancement; (d) cathode and anode cross chemical reaction process
Fig.8 Two endogenous pathways of oxygen involved in thermal runaway strong exothermic reactions^[50]: (a) peak fitting of DSC curve of Ca+An+Ely_31%EC sample; (b) peak fitting of DSC curve of Ca+An+Ely_0%EC sample; (c) mechanism and pathway of oxygen release from cathode; (d) thermal runaway temperature rise rate of NMC811/Gr battery with EC-free-electrolyte (0%EC) compared with the control set (31%EC)
Fig.9 Thermal runaway is triggered by LiH-induced exothermic reaction at anode side and H₂ migration to cathode side^[57]. (a) ARC temperature rise curve and gas generation composition of 100%SOC anode/electrolyte; (b) DSC curves of dual electrolyte and LiH/dual electrolyte under N₂ atmosphere; (c) thermal runaway route map for fully charged NCM523/Gr battery
Fig.10 Multi-step thermal runaway route map for SEs and metallic Li^[60]
Fig.11 Schematic diagram of 1D electrochemical-3D thermal coupling model: (a) computational domain of 1D electrochemical model; (b) 3D geometric model
Fig.12 Model-based thermal runaway prediction of lithium-ion batteries from kinetics analysis of cell components^[96]
Fig.14 (a) DSC curves of components and their mixtures of NCM811/Gr battery using concentrated LiFSI/DMC electrolyte; (b) DSC curves of components and their mixtures of NCM523/Gr battery using concentrated LiFSI/DMC electrolyte; (c) comparison of thermal runaway features of NCM/Gr batteries with concentrated LiFSI/DMC and conventional 1 M LiPF₆/EC:EMC electrolyte^[136]

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