To investigate the effects of carbon (C) ion beam treatment on the tissue culture of wheat immature embryos and the somaclonal variation in their progeny, and to provide a reference for increasing the variation frequency of wheat somatic clones to address germplasm scarcity and accelerate new cultivar breeding, this study was conducted. Using the pure-line seed 15-676, which exhibits excellent agronomic traits but relatively tall plant height, immature embryos were treated with a carbon ion beam at a radiation dose of 80 Gy and then subjected to tissue culture. Untreated tissue-cultured embryos served as the control. The induction frequency, differentiation frequency, variations in major agronomic traits in the M₂S₁ and S₁ generations, and the glutenin subunit composition were systematically examined. The results revealed that the differentiation frequency in the carbon ion beam-treated group was 11.6%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (20.6%). In the M₂S₁ generation, the plant height in the carbon ion beam-treated group decreased by 11.74 cm compared to the control, a difference that was highly significant. Meanwhile, the treated group demonstrated increases in the number of grains per main spike, grain weight per main spike, and grain weight per plant. Additionally, both the M₂S₁ and S₁ progeny grains retained the same high-quality glutenin subunits (5+10) as the original 15-676 variety. In conclusion, the combination of carbon ion beam treatment with tissue culture can effectively enhance the level of genetic variation in somatic clones, thereby expanding screening opportunities for beneficial mutants and providing abundant genetic materials for wheat germplasm innovation and new variety breeding.

In order to explore the shade tolerance of different soybean varieties and screen out the soybean varieties suitable for intercropping in northern Shaanxi and establish a standardized evaluation method, this paper took 20 soybean varieties as test materials, and set intercropping (natural shade) and moncropping (no shade) as two treatments. Principal component analysis, membership function analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to evaluate shade tolerance coefficients of 14 indexes such as plant height, stem diameter and bottom pod height. By principal component analysis, 14 index coefficients were transformed into 4 independent comprehensive indexes, representing 78.665% of the information. The evaluation value of comprehensive shade tolerance was calculated by membership function, and 20 soybean varieties (lines) were divided into strong shade tolerance type (8), medium shade tolerance type (6) and weak shade tolerance type (6). Six indices including plant height, bottom pod height, pod number of main stem, pod number of lateral branch, 100 grain weight and lodging resistance were selected to evaluate the shade tolerance of soybean varieties in northern Shaanxi. This study clarified the evaluation system and key indicators of soybean shade tolerance in the arid area of northern Shaanxi, and screened a number of strong shade-tolerant varieties suitable for intercropping, which could provide varieties and technical support for soybean-maize strip compound planting. Follow-up multi-year multi-point verification and supporting cultivation technology research can be carried out.

The cotton growing area in southern Xinjiang is facing the combined stress of fresh water shortage, soil salinization and seasonal drought, and the safe and efficient utilization technology of brackish water is urgently needed. To elucidate the mechanism by which brackish water supplementary irrigation affects canopy photosynthesis and yield of cotton in southern Xinjiang, using cultivar ‘Xinluzhong 88’ as the test material, three treatments were established: conventional irrigation (CK), brackish water supplementary irrigation+ subsoiling (SWS), and brackish water supplementary irrigation+ subsoiling+ soil conditioner (SWST). The effects of these treatments on leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), canopy interception rate (FIPAR), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), dry-matter accumulation, and seed-cotton yield were investigated. SWST produced the highest LAI and SPAD at both budding and boll-opening stages, increasing LAI by 30.39% and SPAD by 14.63% compared with CK. The interception rate showed an increasing trend with cotton growth. The interception rate of SWST during the fluffing stage reached 0.95 at a vertical height of 60-70 cm. This treatment sustained high photosynthetic efficiency and stimulated dry-matter accumulation, thereby boosting yield. During the bud stage and floret stage, the levels of Tr, Pn and Gs in SWST-treated samples were significantly higher than those in CK-treated samples, with no significant difference observed between SWST and SWS treatments (P<0.05). The water use efficiency (WUEi) of SWST was 11.4% higher than that of CK, while the carbon uptake (Ci) decreased by 6.29%. Dry-matter accumulation entered the rapid phase 5 days earlier in SWST than in CK, resulting in an 18.42% yield increase and the highest growth characteristic value (88.71). Supplemental irrigation with brackish water at a mineralization degree of 4.5 g/L, combined with deep loosening and the application of a soil conditioner, significantly increased cotton LAI, SPAD values and WUEi, optimized canopy structure, increased the interception rate of cotton populations while enhancing dry matter accumulation, finally producing the highest seed-cotton yield of 7557.65 kg/hm². In the future, multi-year positioning and different salinity gradient tests can be carried out to improve the regional adaptation technology model.

The paper aims to identify the optimal concentration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) that enhances photosynthetic performance without inhibiting leaf growth in Artemisia argyi. In this study, A.argyi seedlings were used as materials, and five spraying concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μmol/L were set to determine leaf growth index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. The effects of MeJA on the growth and photosynthetic physiology of A. argyi seedlings were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that 100-400 μmol/L MeJA showed no significant effects on leaf length, width, area, dry weight, dry weight per unit area, fresh weight, or fresh weight per unit area in A. argyi seedlings. 800 μmol/L MeJA significantly reduced leaf length, width and area, but did not affect dry and fresh weights per unit, indicating that high concentrations of MeJA (800 μmol/L) inhibit biomass accumulation of A. argyi seedlings by suppressing leaf expansion. Exogenous MeJA had no effect on stomatal conductance but altered chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. Both 200 and 400 μmol/L MeJA effectively enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b; after treatment with 100 μmol/L MeJA, the content of chlorophyll a significantly increased, whereas after treatment with 800 μmol/L MeJA, only the content of chlorophyll b increased. In addition, treatment with 400 μmol/L MeJA alone effectively increased the net photosynthetic rate of A. argyi. These results show that 400 μmol/L MeJA improves photosynthetic capacity in A. argyi by improving the photosynthetic performance of A. argyi leaves rather than promoting leaf growth.

There are some problems in Yongzhou cigar production area, such as unclear suitable planting density and lack of quality control technology of tobacco leaves. To screen the suitable planting density and improve the quality and industrial availability of cigar tobacco in Yongzhou, using the variety ‘Xiangxue-1’ as the material, the effects of planting density on the growth and development of cigar tobacco plants and the quality of tobacco leaves were investigated. Three treatments were set up in the experimental field in Wulipai Town, Shuangpai County, Hunan Province: 23805 plants/hm² (T1), 20835 plants/hm² (T2), and 18525 plants/hm² (T3). A field plot experiment was conducted to study the agronomic traits of the tobacco plants in each treatment and the appearance quality, physical properties, conventional chemical components, sensory quality, and neutral aroma substances of the tobacco leaves after fermentation. The results showed that the plant in treatment T2 had the greatest height, and the appearance quality of the tobacco leaves in this treatment was the best, characterized by strong color intensity, uniform color, fine and flat veins, and the least green and impurities; the effect of planting density on the physical properties of cigar tobacco leaves was mainly manifested as an increase in leaf weight and equilibrium moisture content with the decrease in planting density; the potassium-chlorine ratio, sugar-alkaloid ratio, two-sugar ratio, and nitrogen-alkaloid ratio of the tobacco leaves after fermentation in each treatment increased first and then decreased with the decrease in planting density; treatment T2 had the best sensory quality, with good sweetness and burning properties, less impurities, and grayish-white color; in addition, the total amount of neutral aroma substances in the tobacco leaves increased first and then decreased with the decrease in planting density, and the content of neutral aroma substances in the tobacco leaves of treatment T2 was the highest. In conclusion, 20835 plants/hm² is the suitable planting density for cigar tobacco in Wulipai Town, Shuangpai County, Yongzhou City. Under this density, the tobacco plants grow robustly, the internal and external quality of tobacco leaves is coordinated, and the aroma substances are abundant. The research results can provide technical basis for standardized cultivation of cigar in Yongzhou, and the matching optimization of density, fertilization and topping can be carried out in the future.

The Jianghan Plain is the core cultivation area of southern black poplar. Cuttage afforestation and afforestation with roots are the local main afforestation methods, but the difference in long-term growth rhythm is not clear. In order to scientifically select afforestation methods and support efficient cultivation of poplars, four black poplar varieties of ‘Danhongyang’, ‘Huashi No.2’, ‘Chulin No.2’, and ‘2025 Yang’ were used as test materials to carry out a continuous 8-year positioning comparison test, and systematically analyzed the diameter at breast height (DBH), total tree height growth and annual net growth rhythm of black poplar under the two afforestation methods. Statistical results showed that over the eight years of afforestation, the cumulative increments in DBH and tree height of four varieties planted by cuttage afforestation at different ages were all higher than those of afforestation with roots. Moreover, within the first two years after afforestation, the average growth rates of DBH and tree height of cuttage afforestation exceeded those of afforestation with roots by more than 21% and 13%, respectively. The variance analysis results indicated that there were highly significant differences in the total growth of DBH and tree height traits among both the afforestation methods and the varieties. The t-test results for the total growth of DBH and tree height under the two afforestation methods showed that all significant differences were attributed to the greater growth in cuttage afforestation compared to afforestation with roots. The t-test results for the annual net growth of DBH and tree height under the two afforestation methods revealed that, in the first two years, for all four varieties, the net increments of cuttage afforestation were significantly greater than those of afforestation with roots, except for tree height of ‘Chulin No.2’ in the second year. By the third year, there were no significant differences in the net growth of DBH and tree height between the two afforestation methods for any of the varieties. From the fourth to the fifth year, due to flooding stress, most varieties exhibited greater net growth in afforestation with roots compared to cuttage afforestation. From the sixth to eighth years, there was generally no significant difference in growth between the two methods. Overall, in the Jianghan Plain, excluding the impacts of prolonged flooding and extreme climates, the growth of black poplar under cuttage afforestation was significantly superior to that under afforestation with roots in the first two years. From the third year onward, the difference between the two afforestation methods became insignificant. The maximum annual net increment of DBH occurred in the second year after afforestation, while the maximum annual net increment of tree height appeared in the third year. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for further selecting poplar cultivation modes and implementing efficient cultivation in this region.

The study aims to screen suitable organic fertilizers to improve soil quality in ginger fields, enhance ginger yield and quality, and investigate their role in reducing heavy metal accumulation, so as to provide a scientific basis for establishing a sustainable ginger production system, improving agricultural productivity, and ensuring the safety of agricultural products and the environment. A field plot experiment was conducted at the base of the Wuyi Ginger Cooperative, using ginger (Zingiber officinale) as the test material. Four treatments were established: a control group (no organic fertilizer), silkworm excrement organic fertilizer (2200 kg/hm²), bio-organic fertilizer (2500 kg/hm²), and pig manure organic fertilizer (2500 kg/hm²). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. At the ginger maturity stage, we measured plant growth, quality parameters, soil nutrient content, enzyme activities, and heavy metal accumulation. The results showed that all applied organic fertilizers significantly improved soil nutrients, enzyme activities, ginger growth, yield, and quality. All organic fertilizers significantly enhanced soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and the growth, yield and quality of ginger. Among them, the bio-organic fertilizer had the best comprehensive effect. Compared with the control, it increased the tiller number, fresh weight, dry matter weight and yield of ginger by 6.07%, 10.13%, 17.87% and 20% respectively; meanwhile, it significantly increased the contents of vitamin C and polysaccharides by 26.08% and 18.45% respectively, but the content of soluble sugar decreased. In terms of soil improvement, bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased the soil organic matter content by 25.98%, the available phosphorus content by 57.24%, and the total nitrogen content by 18.63%. It also significantly enhanced the soil amylase activity by as much as 103.79%. Bio-organic fertilizer effectively passivated the content of heavy metals such as nickel, lead, and cadmium in the soil, reducing their levels by 9.52%, 13.41%, and 20% respectively. Ultimately, it significantly reduced the accumulation of nickel, lead, and cadmium in ginger by 46.08%, 13.79%, and 55.56% respectively. Bio-organic fertilizer can simultaneously achieve the improvement of ginger quality and yield, soil improvement, and the reduction of heavy metal accumulation in ginger, making it an ideal solution for addressing the problems of continuous cropping obstacles.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important legume vegetable, and its in vitro regeneration is difficult, which limits the efficiency of genetic transformation and molecular breeding. In order to establish an efficient and stable in vitro regeneration system of common bean, this study used ‘Shuangfeng No.1’ common bean as material, cotyledonary nodes, hypocotyls, true leaves and cotyledons as explants, and used direct regeneration (callus pathway) and indirect regeneration (cotyledonary nodes directly bud) to optimize the ratio of plant growth regulators, low temperature and high osmotic stress conditions. The optimal parameters of callus induction, embryogenic callus differentiation, adventitious bud formation and rooting transplanting were systematically screened, and the in vitro regeneration system of common bean was established. The results showed that: (1) the best explants for loose callus induction were hypocotyls and cotyledonary nodes. The best medium was MS+ 1 mg/L 2,4-D, and the induction rates were 93.33% and 90.00%, respectively. (2) The optimal medium for inducing embryogenic callus in common bean（Phaseolus vulgaris）was MS+ 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+ 0.25 mg/L 6-BA. Embryogenic callus was more easily induced when the explants were cultured at low temperature for 2 to 5 days. However, successful regeneration through callus was not achieved in this experiment, and further research is needed. (3) The indirect regeneration experiment indicated that the best explant was the cotyledon node, and the optimal induction medium was MS+ 2 mg/L 6-BA, with an adventitious bud induction rate of 100%. (4) The induced adventitious buds could be transferred to 1/2 MS+ 1 mg/L IBA rooting medium to regenerate complete plants. The rooting rate was 96.67%, the survival rate of transplanted seedlings was 84.16%, and the regenerated plants could flower and pod normally. This experiment established an efficient in vitro regeneration culture system for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), enabling rapid propagation of plants in vitro and laying the foundation for the establishment of a genetic transformation system for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

To identify optimal growth substrates for enhancing fruit quality and antioxidant capacity of southern highbush blueberry cultivars, this study evaluated substrate formulations using coconut coir and peat moss. Two-years-old ‘Eureka’ and ‘Misty’ plants were cultivated in four coconut coir substrates under controlled greenhouse conditions. Blueberry fruit quality, skin coloration, biochemical composition, and antioxidant enzyme activity were analyzed. Data were subjected to ANOVA and membership function analysis for comprehensive evaluation. The results indicated that for the ‘Eureka’ blueberry, the T1 (100% coconut coir) substrate showed significant advantages in terms of fruit longitudinal diameter, firmness, TSS content, anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and SOD activity. For the ‘Misty’ blueberry, the T4 (peat soil: coconut coir=1:1) substrate demonstrated significant advantages in terms of fruit anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. It could be concluded that different blueberry varieties had their own optimal coconut coir content, with T1 and T4 being the substrates that yield the best fruit quality and strongest antioxidant capacity for ‘Eureka’ and ‘Misty’, respectively.

At present, there are some problems in color wheat breeding, such as unsystematic germplasm evaluation, unclear coordination mechanism of agronomic traits, and lack of quantitative basis for screening excellent parents. In order to clarify the phenotypic variation, trait association characteristics and comprehensive performance of colored wheat germplasm resources in Huang-huai wheat area, and improve the selection efficiency of breeding parents, 40 colored wheat germplasms and 1 common wheat germplasm control (ZM18) were used as materials in this study. Nine agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, flag leaf traits and spikelet number were investigated at mature plant stage, and genetic variation, comprehensive evaluation including principal component and cluster analysis were carried out. The results showed that the 40 colored wheat germplasm resources had abundant variation and specific characteristics. The variation coefficient of nine agronomic traits ranged from 10.750% to 120.147%, and the diversity index ranged from 1.083 to 2.057. More than 77.78% of agronomic traits had variation coefficients greater than 15%, and diversity indices greater than 1.8. The overall performance of colored wheat is characterized by long flag leaf, large flag leaf angle, many fertile spikelets, and short peduncle and exposed peduncle. Correlation analysis indicates that the number of fertile spikelets is significantly correlated with most traits. Among them, it was significantly positively correlated with ear length (r=0.50) and flag leaf width (r=0.53), while ear length was significantly or highly significantly positively correlated with plant height (r=0.33) and flag leaf length (r=0.58), and plant height was highly significantly negatively correlated with flag leaf width (r=-0.47). Principal component analysis simplified the nine traits into three principal components, which could explain 75.412% of the trait information. Plant height, ear length, and flag leaf angle were the core indicators. The comprehensive evaluation value (D value) was used to assess the overall performance of each germplasm, with a higher D value indicating better overall performance. Thirteen colored wheat germplasm resources with D values greater than D_CK (0.523) were screened out, among which KDH1, LLM1, ZHM1, and LHM1 had relatively short plant heights at 66.67, 85.50, 82.50, and 80.88 cm, respectively, which could be used as candidate parents. When the genetic distance was 5.78, the 41 test materials can be divided into five major categories, with Group III having the most germplasm resources, and Group V having more germplasm resources and a larger mean D value (0.638). In summary, the agronomic traits of 40 colored wheat germplasm resources had rich variations and clear characteristics. When breeding new varieties, attention should be paid to the coordinated relationship among plant height, ear length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and number of fertile spikelets. Cluster analysis further clarified the characteristics of germplasm resources in different groups. Four candidate parents with larger D values and shorter plant heights were screened out. This provides a reference for high yield, lodging resistance, ideal plant type breeding or improvement, the utilization of agronomic traits, and the selection of parents of colored wheat varieties. Subsequent multi-dimensional accurate evaluation can be carried out in combination with yield and quality traits.

This study aims to systematically analyze the species composition, medicinal characteristics, and resource status of toxic medicinal plants in Fujian, provide a theoretical basis for the scientific conservation and sustainable utilization of regional medicinal plant resources. Based on data from the Fourth National Survey of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and relevant authoritative literature, this paper statistically analyzed the life forms, medicinal parts, function categories, medicinal properties and flavors, inclusion in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and cultivation status of toxic medicinal plants in Fujian. The results showed that Fujian hosted a total of 485 species of toxic medicinal plants, belonging to 330 genera and 108 families, with angiosperms being the predominant group; the primary medicinal parts were roots and rhizomes (26.83%), leaves (16.74%), and whole plants (16.46%); in terms of medicinal function, heat-clearing drugs (32.09%) accounted for the highest proportion; among the 117 key species investigated, herbs constituted 57.26%, medicinal properties were predominantly cold (44.96%), and the most common medicinal flavor was bitter (44.19%); a total of 122 species were included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2025 edition), and 238 species had been cultivated artificially, though only a limited number were planted on a large scale. In summary, Fujian Province is rich in toxic medicinal plant resources and diverse in efficacy, but there are problems such as concentrated medicinal parts and high pressure on wild resources. Future efforts should focus on sustainable utilization and artificial cultivation research to promote scientific development and conservation of toxic medicinal plants in Fujian.

Aquatic organisms play a pivotal role in safeguarding global ecological security and biodiversity. In order to reveal the evolution law, research hotspots and cooperation pattern of global wetland aquatic biodiversity research, this study employs bibliometric methods to analyze published literature retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. The search terms “aquatic biodiversity” and “wetland” were used for a topic-based search covering the period from 2003 to 2022. Analytical tools including Excel, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica were utilized to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of wetland aquatic biodiversity research from multiple dimensions of publishing trend, country, institution, highly cited literature, keyword clustering and international cooperation. The results revealed a gradual upward trend in wetland aquatic biodiversity research from 2003 to 2022. Beyond fundamental investigations into wetland ecosystems and aquatic organisms, research attention had increasingly focused on ecosystem restoration and ecosystem services resulting from changes in wetland ecosystems. The United States, Brazil, and Australia emerged as the leading countries in this research domain. The French National Centre for Scientific Research had published the highest number of papers and maintained exceptionally close collaborative relationships with other institutions. The most frequent international collaboration occurred between China and the United States, both of which played crucial roles in fostering partnerships with other nations. Global research hotspots in wetland aquatic biodiversity could be primarily categorized into four clusters: aquatic ecosystem development, aquatic biological community structure, impacts on aquatic biodiversity, and ecological problems induced by human activities. Currently, wetland aquatic biodiversity research is in a developmental phase with stable growth potential. While China has achieved a leading position in terms of publication output internationally, challenges remain including imbalanced research layout, insufficient cross-disciplinary integration, and weak exploration of core scientific mechanisms. Future efforts should focus on establishing standardized long-term monitoring networks and deepening multi-dimensional mechanistic research to provide scientific support for wetland aquatic biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

The study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangzhou, predict the future trend of agricultural carbon emissions, and provide theoretical support for formulating agricultural carbon reduction policies. Based on 4 carbon sources (agricultural inputs, rice cultivation, agricultural land use, and livestock farming) and 6 major crops, the paper adopted the carbon emission calculation theories of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to calculate agricultural carbon emissions, carbon uptake, and net carbon emissions in Guangzhou from 2007 to 2023, analyzed their dynamic evolution trends and spatiotemporal characteristics, dissected the influencing factors by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model, and predicted the agricultural net carbon emissions of Guangzhou in the coming period using the gray prediction model. The results indicated that: (1) in 2023, Guangzhou’s agricultural carbon emissions, carbon uptake, and net emissions were 103.14×10⁴ tons, 63.40×10⁴ tons, and 39.74×10⁴ tons. From 2007 to 2023, agricultural carbon emissions initially increased, peaked at 235.72×10⁴ tons in 2010, then declined and stabilized with minor fluctuations, livestock farming contributed the highest proportion (40.14% in 2023); agricultural carbon uptake first increased, reaching its peak of 95.15×10⁴ tons in 2016, and then declined, with annual vegetable carbon uptake being the primary source of Guangzhou’s annual agricultural carbon uptake; agricultural net carbon emissions exhibited a fluctuating downward trend overall, with a spatial distribution characterized by higher values in the northeast and lower values in the southwest, Zengcheng District and Conghua District were key areas requiring attention for future agricultural carbon emission reductions; (2) agricultural production efficiency, total agricultural machinery power and industrial structure positively contributed to reducing net emissions, while agricultural economic development partially increased net emissions; (3) agricultural carbon emissions in Guangzhou had reached the peak in 2010, achieving carbon neutrality in 2060 remained challenging. Accordingly, the paper proposes recommendations such as strengthening coordination, clarifying goals and roadmaps of agricultural carbon neutrality, innovating green low carbon technologies, developing carbon inclusive methodologies, and exploring agricultural carbon trading pilots

Water pollution and eutrophication have become a prominent problem in global water environment governance. Plant purification of water quality has become the core technology of ecological restoration due to its green, economic and sustainable characteristics. However, there was a lack of panoramic knowledge map and frontier trend combing in the field for a long time. To clarify the development context, research core, and trends in the field of plant purification of water quality, a bibliometric analysis was conducted based on 1904 relevant literatures on plant water purification, which retrieved from 1995 to 2024 from the Web of Science database using CiteSpace Software. The research status, core themes, distribution of research forces, and frontier trends were systematically reviewed in this domain. The results showed a phased growth in annual publications from 1995 to 2024, with a rapid expansion commencing after 2016. This trend reflected that this field had become a research hotspot driven by the demand for ecological environment management. China had made the most prominent contribution to research on plant purification of water quality with 491 publications, among which the Chinese Academy of Sciences served as the core institution. Countries such as the United Kingdom and France also played important roles in international cooperation. Keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis indicated that the research focused on water purification and pollutant removal, covering topics such as constructed wetlands, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and ecosystem services, forming a multi-level correlation system. Research frontiers had shifted from basic technical studies toward refined governance and comprehensive consideration of ecological benefits. This study can provides references for the development and application of plant purification of water technologies, contributing to water pollution control and ecological restoration practices.

This study focused on the differential effects of plant leaf litter types on soil humus composition and content. Wudalianchi volcano kipuka, a special habitat, was selected as the sample site, the method of in situ leaf litter bag was adopted to carry out the cavitation experiment to study the effects of leaf litter of different species (Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla and Larix gmeliniion) on soil humus in coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. The responses of extractable humus, humic acid and fulvic acid contents in soil, and humic acid/fulvic acid ratio to the home field advantage during leaf litter decomposition were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) when leaf litter decomposed away field from home field, it changed the variation trend of soil humus composition; (2) forest type, leaf litter species, decomposition time and their interactions all had significant effects on the content of soil humus components; (3) at the beginning of decomposition, the EHS and HA content of the home field, FA content of the away field and humic acid/fulvic acid ratio of the home field soil under the three leaf litters were as follows: Populus davidiana>Betula platyphylla>Larix gmelinii; the EHS, HA, HM, humic acid/fulvic acid ratio and PQ values of the away field soil under the three leaf litters were as follows: Larix gmelinii> Betula platyphylla> Populus davidiana; (4) at the end of decomposition, the FA content of home field and the HM content of away field of the soil under the three leaf litters were as follows: Larix gmelinii> Betula platyphylla> Populus davidiana, both of the home and away field of EHS, HA, humic acid/fulvic acid ratio and PQ values of soil under the three leaf litters were as follows: Betula platyphylla> Larix gmelinii> Populus davidiana. To sum up, the effects of the decomposition of three kinds of leaf litter on each component of soil humus and humification in the Wudalianchi volcano kipuka are not all home field advantages. All the components of soil humus under leaf litter of Betula platyphylla leaf litter show home field>away field, with home field advantage, the extractable humus and humin from the soil under the Populus davidiana leaf litter show that the home field is higher than the away field.

To explore the distribution and mineralization of organic carbon in soil aggregates, this study clarified the effects of long-term application of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon mineralization and the mechanism of aggregates in this process. This study used the red soil of southern farmland treated with different organic-inorganic fertilizers for 36 consecutive years (1988 to 2023) as the research object. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm respectively under NPK, NPK+ green manure, and NPK+ barnyard manure treatments. The contents of organic carbon (SOC), the release of CO₂ from soil respiration, soil physicochemical properties and other indicators were determined in the soil and aggregates of different particle sizes. The results showed that under long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, (1) compared with the NPK treatment, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the SOC content, with the NPK+ barnyard manure treatment significantly increasing the SOC content by 77.39%. The SOC content of the NPK+ barnyard manure treatment was overall higher than that of the NPK+ green manure treatment. Moreover, organic carbon was mainly distributed in the micro-aggregates with a particle size of less than 0.053 mm in the NPK+ barnyard manure treatment, accounting for 86.43%. (2) The amount of CO₂ and the CO₂/SOC ratio under NPK treatment were significantly higher than those under NPK+ barnyard manure and NPK+ green manure treatments, indicating that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly reduced soil mineralization capacity, weakened respiration, and decreased the release of CO₂. (3) The content of SOC in soil was significantly positively correlated with the contents of TN and TP (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with the contents of CO₂ and fPOC (P<0.05). This indicated that aggregates with a particle size of 0.053-0.25 mm could better protect organic carbon, enhance the physical protective effect and retention capacity for organic carbon, and prevent organic carbon from being decomposed by microorganisms. It could be concluded that long-term fertilization mainly affects the content and distribution of organic matter in aggregates and the mineralization capacity of the soil by influencing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. In summary, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers for 36 consecutive years provided a theoretical basis for enhancing and stabilizing soil organic matter in southern farmland red soils and for optimizing the fertilization management model, by increasing SOC content in aggregates, increasing soil nitrogen and phosphorus content, and reducing SOC mineralization.

The study aims to clarify the spatial differences in soil fertility and characteristics of microbial diversity of vegetable fields in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou, and provide a scientific basis for optimizing soil management strategies and promoting the green and sustainable development of the vegetable industry. Soil samples were collected from 16 vegetable fields (S1-S16) in the district, and physical and chemical indicators such as pH, organic matter, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients were determined. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the diversity of soil bacterial communities. The results showed that the soil fertility in the study area exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity (moderate variation). The soil in the eastern part was weakly alkaline with severe salinization, while the soil in the southern part was acidic with higher contents of organic matter and total nitrogen, and available phosphorus and available potassium showed polarization due to differences in fertilization. Soil organic matter was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients, pH was significantly negatively correlated with total nitrogen, and the planting age of protected vegetables had a highly significant positive quadratic relationship with soil electrical conductivity (R²=0.65, P<0.01). The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, etc. Microbial diversity was higher in the southern and central old planting areas, and the community structure was divided into two groups based on soil salinization and fertility levels. Chloroflexi was significantly negatively correlated with pH (r=-0.53, P<0.05). In the future, measures such as reducing phosphorus fertilization, replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, paddy-upland rotation, and improving irrigation and drainage in salinized areas should be adopted to regulate soil pH and fertility and enhance soil health.

Juvenile hormone and testosterone are important insect hormones. In order to understand the effects of juvenile hormone and testosterone on the egg-laying ability of Coccinella septempunctata, in this study, we used artificial diets supplemented with different concentrations of juvenile hormone analog (ZR-515) and testosterone to feed adult ladybird beetles, and analyzed the feeding frequency, mating frequency, egg production and hatching rate of eggs of C. septempunctata in different feeding treatments. The results showed that: (1) there was no significant difference between the feeding frequency and egg production of each group with the addition of ZR-515 at 50, 5, 0.5 and 0 μL/L in J-a, J-b, J-c and J-ck, respectively, and the mating frequency of group J-c was significantly higher than that of groups J-a and J-b. (2) 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0 mg/L testosterone (corresponding to treatment groups T-a, T-b, T-c, and T-ck) were added to the treatments. There were no significant differences in feeding frequency, egg production, and egg hatching rate among the groups, but the mating frequency in the T-a group was significantly higher than that in the T-ck group. (3) Treatments with additions of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/L of testosterone and 0.5 μL/L ZR-515 (corresponding to treatment groups JT-a, JT-b, JT-c, JT-d, JT-e) were set up with 0.5 μL/L ZR-515 alone as the control (JT-ck). There was no significant difference in feeding frequency among each treatment, while the JT-c group was extremely significantly higher than the JT-e group and significantly higher than the JT-d group. Egg production from high to low was JT-d [(59.53±9.81) eggs]> JT-c [(53.53±9.22) eggs]> JT-e [(34.86±7.84) eggs]> JT-b [(34.13±6.48) eggs]> JT-ck [(31.13±5.17) eggs]> JT-a [(7.80±2.58) eggs], JT-d group was significantly higher than JT-a, JT-b, JT-e, and JT-ck groups, while JT-c group was significantly higher than JT-a, JT-e, and JT-ck groups. The results of this study indicated that supplementing artificial diets with only 0.5  μL/L of the juvenile hormone analog ZR-515 and 0.1 mg/L testosterone increased the mating frequency of C. septempunctata, but did not significantly improve egg production. However, when 0.1 mg/L testosterone and 0.5  μL/L ZR-515 were added together, the mating frequency, egg production, and egg hatching rate were significantly higher than those fed with the diet containing only 0.5 μL/L ZR-515.

This study investigated the effects of different inducer treatments on the stress-resistant physiological indexes, agronomic traits, and yield of flax leaves, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and application references for the cultivation, quality improvement, and yield increase of flax. Using flax cultivar ‘Neiya 14’ as the test material, measurements and comparisons were carried out on the plant height, technical length, number of branches, yield components, and leaf physiological indicators of flax treated with different resistance inducers, including Aitaling, chitosan oligosaccharide, and plant immune proteins. The results indicated significant differences in the effects of different resistance inducers. Compared with other treatments, plant immune protein and Atailing treatments significantly enhanced flax stress resistance: the soluble sugar contents were 123.71 and 122.73 mg/g, proline contents were 64.08 and 62.62 μg/g, and SOD activities were 129.87 and 123.91 U/g, respectively, both significantly higher than the clear water control treatments. Aitaling, plant immune protein, and ‘Jiaojiang No.1’ promoted the growth and development of flax. Specifically, the treatment with ‘Jiaojiang No.1’ resulted in the highest plant height, reaching 63.77 cm; while the treatment with Aitaling achieved the longest berry length of 43.70 cm and the highest number of effective berries per plant at 28.83. The treatments with plant immune protein and Aitaling achieved the highest equivalent output, reaching 2530.13 and 2538.17 kg/hm², respectively representing significant increases of 6.03% and 6.33% compared to the clear water control treatment. The treatments with Aitaling, plant immune protein, and ‘Jiaojiang No.1’ exhibited significant effects in promoting flax growth, increasing yield, and enhancing stress resistance, thus showing considerable application potential in flax cultivation.

The purpose is to establish an analytical method for the determination of the nine fungicides (such as sedaxane and benzovindiflupyr) residues in Carthamus tinctorius using QuEChERS pretreatment combined with triple quadrupole gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After the sample was subjected to hydration treatment, samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and purified by QuEChERS. The sample solution was separated on an HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) and analyzed in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode, with quantification performed by matrix-matched internal standard method. This method enabled rapid extraction and high-sensitivity determination of the nine fungicides in C. tinctorius. The mass concentrations of the nine fungicides showed a linear correlation with the chromatographic peak areas in the range of 5-500 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9998-0.9999. The method detection limit (MDL) ranged from 0.0008-0.0053 mg/kg, and the method quantification limit (MQL) ranged from 0.0027-0.0169 mg/kg. The average recoveries at three spiked levels (high, medium and low) ranged from 75.58% to 89.95%, and the relative standard deviations of the determination results were 0.27%-8.43% (n=6). This method features simple pretreatment, accurate quantification, and high sensitivity, meeting the requirements for pesticide residue detection and analysis, and can provide reliable technical support for quality and safety control of C. tinctorius and residual risk monitoring of the nine fungicides.

To investigate the efficacy of different insecticides against workers of the red imported fire ant, (Solenopsis invicta), and to screen for safe, highly effective agents, to provide a reference basis for choosing agents to efficiently deal with the red fire ant infestation, the insecticidal activities of 23 commercial formulations were evaluated under indoor conditions (15-25℃) using the residual film and immersion methods. The results showed that spinetoram achieved 91% corrected mortality at 3 h post-treatment. At 24 h post-treatment, six insecticides, including dinotefuran and chlorfenapyr, caused 100% corrected mortality, while thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, and indoxacarb resulted in >95% corrected mortality. At 72 h post-treatment, three insecticides, including flonicamid, exhibited >93% corrected mortality. For the biological insecticides, Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus (MbNPV) achieved 100% corrected mortality at 48 h post-treatment, whereas Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) and a matrine-azadirachtin mixture resulted in 97.78% and 80% corrected mortality at 96 h post-treatment, respectively. Consequently, it is recommended that six chemical insecticides such as dinotefuran and two antibiotic-derived insecticides including spinosad and spinetoram can be used in rotation with indoxacarb in field applications. The matrine-azadirachtin mixture is suitable for application in environmentally sensitive areas, such as water source protection zones, and the two nucleopolyhedrovirus formulations may be considered for trial use in such special habitats.

To address the problems of cold and arid conditions, severe soil salinization, and the shortage of high-quality forage varieties in the saline-alkali soils of the Qaidam region, this study selected 13 domestic and foreign forage oat varieties as experimental materials. Field experiments were conducted to systematically evaluate their growth performance, fresh and hay yields, and nutritional quality. Principal component analysis and grey relational analysis were employed to comprehensively assess their adaptability. The results showed that significant differences were observed among varieties in plant height (85.20-155.20 cm), stem diameter (3.84-6.40 mm), leaf area (21.56-89.23 cm²), and tiller number (P<0.05). Fresh yield ranged from 1.28 to 6.23 kg/m², and hay yield ranged from 0.33 to 1.38 kg/m², with ‘Heimeike’ showing significantly higher yields than other varieties (P<0.05). In terms of nutritional quality, crude protein content ranged from 7.30% to 13.01%, and relative feed value (RFV) ranged from 84.08 to 126.64. ‘Linna’ exhibited the highest RFV but relatively low yield. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that ‘Heimeike’ had the highest weighted relevance degree, suggesting the strongest adaptability, high yield and good quality balance. Therefore, ‘Heimeike’ is suitable for cultivation in the saline-alkali soils of the Qaidam region. Future studies should focus on multi-year and multi-location trials, as well as physiological and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance, to further improve the regional oat cultivation system.

This study aims to systematically sort out the research dynamics and development laws in the global field of soil nutrient detection sensors, providing data support for the research and development of next-generation sensor technologies. It took 598 relevant literature included in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2015 to 2024 as the research object, and adopted CiteSpace bibliometric software to conduct visual analysis. The results showed that the research trend in this field could be divided into three stages: the initial exploration and accumulation period of technology (2015-2016), the steady growth period (2017-2021), and the explosive growth period (2022-2024). The research exhibited a remarkable interdisciplinary nature, with environmental science and analytical chemistry as the main supporting disciplines. China and the United States performed prominently in research in this field, and scientific research institutions continuously promoted technological development. The research hotspots focused on precision agriculture, core sensing technology, and key nutrient index detection, while the research frontiers gradually extended to the application of intelligent algorithms, specific nutrient detection, and the monitoring of soil properties and environmental effects. Although technological innovation continues to advance, this field still faced key bottlenecks such as fragmentation of technical paths, insufficient coordination between near-ground and remote sensing data, and lack of a standardized evaluation system, and most research results had not yet been applied in the field. Future research needs to make breakthroughs in four directions: technology integration, data collaboration, standard establishment, and scenario implementation, so as to provide technical support for agricultural sustainable development and ecological protection.

Tillage and land preparation machinery are fundamental to agricultural production. They play a crucial role in improving farming efficiency, enhancing soil quality, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This study aims to reveal the research trends, collaboration landscape, key research topics, and future directions in the field of international tillage and land preparation machinery to provide a valuable reference for scholars and industry practitioners. This study used relevant literature from 2005 to 2024 in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database as the data source, and a total of 709 valid sample papers were obtained after sorting and screening. Using bibliometric methods combined with various scientific knowledge mapping tools, we systematically analyzed the annual publication trends, research entities, collaboration networks, and the evolution of research topics and themes. The number of publications in international tillage and land preparation machinery research showed an overall upward trend over the last two decades. It entered a rapid development phase after 2011, peaking in 2021. China dominated in both research output and academic influence, forming research clusters centered on institutions like Northwest A&F University and Jilin University. However, collaboration networks among authors, institutions, and countries generally showed ‘cohesion’ characteristic, and international cooperation still needed to be strengthened. Initial research hotspots mainly focused on the performance optimization of basic tillage operations and key components. The focus then shifted to the collaborative optimization of ‘implement-soil-tillage performance’. More recently, numerical simulation techniques, such as the discrete element method (DEM), were introduced to deeply analyze the soil-implement interaction mechanism and optimize key components. Current research also focuses on the integration and application of digital technologies like machine vision, intelligent simulation, and the optimization of tillage energy efficiency, soil disturbance, and soil health. International research on tillage and land preparation machinery has entered a rapid development stage centered on ‘performance optimization, soil health, and intelligent technologies’. Future explorations should focus on in-depth research into areas such as digital twin-based virtual-real integration design, intelligent and autonomous equipment with cognitive and decision-making capabilities, and green tillage equipment systems deeply integrated with sustainable and precision agriculture.

In view of the problem that the current threshing and redrying process parameters are solidified and difficult to adapt to the differentiated quality improvement needs of different quality tobacco leaves, the study aims to tap the potential of tobacco raw materials, enhance the use value and support the high-quality development of cigarette brands. Taking flue-cured tobacco of different grades of ‘Yunyan 97’ and ‘Yunyan 105’ from Luoping County, Yunnan Province in 2024 as experimental materials, manual sorting was conducted. High-quality raw materials were designated as the S module, and low-quality raw materials were designated as the X module. The potential of tobacco raw materials was explored by formulating sensory quality evaluation table, setting preset processing parameters, and constructing correlation analysis between sensory evaluation, chemical composition and process parameter control. The results showed: (1) When the S module adopted TS3 parameters, the total sugar, nitrogen-to-alkali ratio, and potassium-to-chlorine ratio increased by 6.71%, 3.13%, and 36.24% respectively compared to TS0, while chlorine content and sugar-to-alkali ratio decreased by 31.69% and 2.27% respectively, resulting in more balanced composition. In sensory evaluation, indicators such as aroma intensity and fragrance volume improved by 3.08%-17.54%, with overall scores rising by 7.91%. This improvement manifested as enhanced aroma intensity and fragrance volume, increased transparency, reduced irritation, stronger smoke satisfaction, and a lingering sweet aftertaste with natural throat moisture. (2) When the TX3 parameter was adopted in module X, the contents of reducing sugar, nicotine, potassium and potassium-chloride ratio increased by 3.90%, 4.89%, 5.50% and 72.76% respectively compared with TX0, while the chlorine content and nitrogen-alkali ratio decreased by 40.28% and 5.77%. The sensory score improved by 1.82%-20.00%, and the total score increased by 7.32%, showed characteristics such as enhanced fragrance, smoother smoke and less irritation, with a balanced overall performance. The reasonable setting of process parameters during tobacco redrying can balance the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco, realize the differentiated effect of high-quality modules to preserve fragrance and enhance permeability, and low-quality modules to preserve fragrance and remove impurities. In the future, the production area and variety range can be expanded to establish a common use redrying process parameter system.

This study aimed to clarify the effects of different leaf identities and leaf structures on the chemical components, macromolecular substances, physical properties, appearance quality and sensory quality of upper tobacco leaves, and to screen the optimal phenotypic characteristics of high-quality and high-yield upper tobacco leaves. Taking the upper leaves of the dominant flue-cured tobacco cultivar ‘Yunyan 87’ in Huidong tobacco-growing area, Liangshan, Sichuan Province as research materials, this study systematically analyzed the variations in chemical components, macromolecular substances, physical characteristics, appearance scores and sensory quality in response to diverse leaf identities and leaf structures. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were further applied to reveal the correlation relationships among these indicators. The results showed that leaf identity had a greater influence on the chemical composition, macromolecular substances, and physical properties of upper tobacco leaves than leaf structure. Compared with medium-identity leaves, the nitrogen and nicotine contents in upper leaves with thick identity significantly increased by 13.94% and 36.57%, respectively, while the contents of reducing sugar, chlorine, and cellulose significantly decreased by 12.65%, 53.57%, and 15.56%, respectively. Starch content in upper leaves with compact structure significantly increased by 27.22% compared with that in leaves with loose structure. Compared with medium-identity leaves, leaves with thick identity exhibited significant increases in leaf width, single leaf weight, leaf thickness, and leaf surface density by 21.36%, 62.94%, 43.23%, and 39.07%, respectively, while stem percentage significantly decreased by 24.95%. The upper leaves with slightly thick identity achieved the highest appearance and sensory scores, and those with loose structure also obtained high appearance and sensory ratings. Upper leaves characterized by slightly thick identity and loose structure exhibited superior quality and enhanced industrial usability. Therefore, leaf identity should be regarded as a key indicator in the industrial selection and processing of high-quality upper tobacco leaves. Subsequent studies could be conducted on multi-cultivar comparison, cross-regional verification and physiological and molecular mechanisms. Meanwhile, an intelligent grading model based on leaf appearance characteristics can be constructed, so as to provide systematic technical support for high-quality tobacco leaf production and the improvement of industrial usability in Sichuan tobacco-growing areas.

To systematically elucidate the core nutritional value and industrial development status of quinoa, and to promote the comprehensive quality upgrading of the quinoa industry, this study presented a systematic review of quinoa’s nutritional characteristics in terms of proteins, carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, gluten, and functional bioactive components. It further analyzed the physical and sensory characteristics, cooking and processing properties, as well as the application prospects in traditional and modern food systems of red, white, and black quinoa. Furthermore, leveraging data on trademark registration volume and registered classification categories up to April 2025, the study traced the development dynamics of the quinoa industry, elaborated on core constraints in current industrial development and product R&D, including constrained germplasm resources, insufficient innovation capacity, underdeveloped high-yield and adaptive cultivation technologies, a relatively weak scientific research foundation, and backward production, circulation, and processing capabilities. And the targeted development strategies were put forward. The study aims to facilitate the establishment of a health-centered and sustainable quinoa food industry ecosystem, and position quinoa as a significant commercial opportunity and growth engine in the future food market.